Visual system

Ing sistema ning pamanakit o visual system yapin ing paralan nung makananu tamung manakit. Deti ing bibilug kaniti:

• Ing mata, lalu na ing en:retina
• Ing nervios a makakit (optic nerve)
• Ing en:optic chiasm
• Ing en:optic tract
• Ing en:lateral geniculate nucleus
• Ding en:optic radiations
• Ing visual cortex

Ing obra na ning sistema ning pamanakit, yapin ing ilikas (interpret) ya ing metung a larawan ning paligid a patag o atyu king adwang dimension, ba yang maging larawan a kikimut, de kolor at atyu king atlung dimension.

Keraklan, lalarawan ne ning artikulung iti ing sistema ra king pamanakit deng en:mammal, dapot e la marayu kaniti reng sistema da reng aliwang “mangátas” a animal.

Babaligtara’ne ning lenti ing sála at po-project ne king retina; pekamasikan ing epektu ning sálang asul (iro) kareng blue-attuned cone cells, e anti kareng yellow/red-attuned cone cells.

Ing mata

Metung yang komplikadung antimong makinang biological ing mata, at sasabyan da reng aliwang metung yang milagru iti.

Kalub ning salá king mata, dadalan ya iti king en:cornea ampo king telatau (pupil) (a panibalan ning iris) o matuling ning mata, at iti rerefract| ne ning lenti. Babaligtara’ne ning lenti ing aslag at po-project ne ing larawan king retina.

Ing retina bibilugan de reng dakal a photoreceptor cells a maki bukud a molecule a protina: ing photopigment a awsan dang rhodopsin. Istung mituran yang photon (malatiktik a pekabutil ning sála) ing rhodopsin, magparla yang sinyal king cell; kabang darakal la reng photon a tutud, lalu yang sisikan ing sinyal. Kareng aliwang animal, antimo kareng tau, atin lang cone opsin molecule deng cone cell, a makatutuk (attuned) king partikular a wavelength ning sála; alimbawa, nung makatutuk yang dili ing opsin ning blue cone cell king sálang maki wavelength a asul, at yagyag (salangyan o “stimulate”) ne ning sálang maki blue wavelength iti, samantalang bagya mu ing pamiyagyag na ning sálang maki blue wavelength kareng yellow-red cone cell. Uli na niti, lang makilala deng myayaliwang kule.

Ing nervios a makakit (optic nerve)

File:Fg235 1.gif

Pamanagus ning impormasyon manibat kareng mata (babo), a misasagana o sasalapung king optic chiasma, nung nu miyayabe ing impormasyun ning wanan ampong kayling mata king optic tract; ampo ing pamanyamasan kareng sapin (layering) kareng matatanggap a larawan ibat king wanan ampong kayling mata king lateral geniculate nucleus

Kaybat ning bagyang pamag-process, (a keraklan maki kaugnayan kareng color boundary o angganan da reng kule), midadala ing impormasyun tungkul king larawan king utak kapamilata’ning nervios a makakit nervios a makakit (optic nerve). Kareng tau, ing nervios a makakit mu kabud ing sistema ning panamdam (sensory system) a diretsung makatuglung king utak, at e dadalan king [[Medulla oblongata|medulla]], uling kaylangan yang malagwang i-process ing komplikadung biswal (akakit) a impormasyun.

Ing optic chiasm

Misasagana la at misasalapung deng nervios a makakit king optic chiasm, a atyu king katatalakaran (base) ning frontal lobe ning utak. Karas keni, miyayabe ing impormasyun kareng adwang mata, at mababangal agpang king [[field of view]] o larangan ning akakit o bista. Mipaparla la kareng kaparis dang kayli ampong wanang bangal ning utak deng kapitnang field of view (wanan ampong kayli) (wanan king kayli at kayli king wanan, uling maka cross wire ya ing utak), ba lang ma-process deti. Agyang asahan ta yang manibala ing wanan nang dake o bangal ning utak ketang larawan ibat king kayling mata, at ing kayli nang bangal king larawan ibat king wanan a mata, ing tutu, ing wanan ning utak ing bala king kayli nang dake ning field of view, at makanyan murin king kayli ning utak.

Ing optic tract

Deng anam a sapin king LGN

Dadalan king kayling optic tract ing impormasyun ibat king wanan a visual field (a atyu na king dake nang kayli ning utak). Ita namang ibat king kayling visual field, king wanan a optic tract dadalan. Magwakas ya ing balang optic tract king lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) king thalamus.

Ing lateral geniculate nucleus

Ing lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) metung yang sensory relay nucleus king thalamus ning utak. Iti bibilugan de reng anam a sapin (layer) kareng tau at aliwa pang primate antimo reng macaque. Makaparikil la reng mumuna, kapat at kanam a sapin (layers 2, 3, and 5) king impormasyun ibat king metung a mata, at keta no mang metung a mata deng kadwa, katlu at kalima (layers 1, 4 and 6). Atin yang M cells ing mumunang (1) sapin; makaparikil (correspond) la reti kareng M (magnocellular) cell ning optic nerve ning sumangid a mata. Makatuglung la murin king sumangid a mata deng kapat (4) at kanam (6) a sapin ning LGN, oneng deti karen lang P cells ning optic nerve. Samantala, makatuglung no man kareng M cells ampong P (parvocellular) cells ning optic nerve ning pareung dake ning utak ning sarili rang LGN deng kadwa (2), katlu (3) ampong kalimang (5) sapin ning LGN. Kasinglapad lang credit card deng anam a sapin ning LGN, oneng makatatlu la kakapal kesa king credit card, at makarolyu la reti kareng adwang mala-tulungkaba (ellipsoid); kasindagul do at kayaske ring adwang malating ebun ayup. Kaybat, paparla de reng neuron o nervios ning LGN ing larawan king primary visual cortex (V1), a atyu king gulut nng utak (caudal end, itang dakeng bandang gulut).

Deng optic radiation

Visual cortex: V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, MT

Magdala lang impormasyun deng optic radiation manibat king midbrain lateral geniculate nucleus papunta king kapat a sapin (layer 4) ning visual cortex. Magparla lang sinyal deng P layer neurons ning LGN relay king V1 layer 4C β. Den namang M layer neuron, magparla rang impormasyun king V1 layer 4C α. Ating diretsung pamiugnayan manibat king angular position king field of view ning eye, a tataglus king optic tract paras king metung a posisyun ning nervios king V1. Karas king salapungan king V1, e ne dere-deretsu ing darlanan ning larawan; ating karagdagang mipanyalapung king kilub ning visual cortex.

Ing visual cortex

Ing visual cortex ing pekamaragul a sistema king utak ning tau, at ya ing maki kapakibatan king mas matas a balitang (higher level) a pamag-process ning larawan a akakit (visual image). Atyu iti king kagulutan ning utak (a pepasala ra ketang makalarawan), king banda nang babo ning cerebellum. Pakapanigaralan do reng pamituglung-tuglung da reng sapin (layer) nign cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, hippocampus, ampo reng mitatagan pang lugal king utak. King salukuyan, ibat kareng pasyenting míka diperensya kareng kilálang lugal king utak ing balu tamu, a pakibage ra karetang gamit da o papil king katawan a e miyapektwan.

Lon la murin deti

• Memory-prediction framework
• Martin J. Tovée (1996), An introduction to the visual system. Cambridge

University Press, ISBN 0521483395 (References, pp.180-198. Index, pp.199-202. 202 pages.)

• David Marr (1982), Vision: A Computational Investigation into the

Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

• David H. Hubel (1989), Eye, Brain and Vision. New York: Scientific

American Library.

• Torsten Wiesel and David H. Hubel (1963), "The effects of visual

deprivation on the morphology and physiology of cell's lateral geniculate body". Journal of Neurophysiology 26, 978-993.

• [http://webvision.med.utah.edu/VisualCortex.html Matthew Schmolesky, The

Primary Visual Cortex] Archived Disyembri 29, 2004 at the Wayback Machine

• R.W. Rodiek (1988). "The Primate Retina". Comparative Primate Biology Vol.

4 of Neurosciences. (H.D. Steklis and J. Erwin, editors.) pp. 203-278. New York: A.R. Liss. Template:Visual system Template:Sensory system