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Template:IPA-cmn

Pangayagkas a Mandarin: [{{{1}}}]

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This documentation is transcluded from Template:usage of IPA templates (history).
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IPA keys
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Comparisons* with other English IPA conventions
  • with Wikipedia pronunciation respelling key
  • with other English pronunciation respelling keys

    • Wikipedia offers several templates for proper display of IPA transcriptions.

    In general, instances of the IPA on a page should be enclosed in the {{IPA}} template, which formats the text in an IPA-compatible font. If a substantial portion of a page is in the IPA, it is customary to post notice of that fact with {{IPA notice|lang=en}}, though each token still requires the {{IPA}} template for proper formatting.

    However, if there are not enough occurrences to warrant a notice, then consider a template that links to an IPA key for the first instance of the IPA on a page or section:

    • for English words, in a broad, non-regional transcription, as when giving the pronunciation of a key word in an article, use templates linking to Help:IPA for English, a chart of the subset of the IPA that is relevant to English:
    • for foreign words that are not assimilated into English, regional pronunciations of English words, and non-standard English dialects, use templates linking to the more general Help:IPA chart, containing all major IPA symbols:

    | p =voiceless bilabial stop | 101 408 | p̪ =voiceless labiodental stop | 102 | b =voiced bilabial stop | 102 408 | b̪ =voiced labiodental stop | 103 | t =voiceless alveolar stop | 103 408 | 103 + 408 | t̪ =voiceless dental stop | 104 | d =voiced alveolar stop | 104 408 | 104 + 408 | d̪ =voiced dental stop | t̠ʲ | c̟ | ȶ = voiceless alveolo-palatal stop | d̠ʲ | ɟ̟ | ȡ = voiced alveolo-palatal stop | 105 | ʈ =voiceless retroflex stop | 106 | ɖ =voiced retroflex stop | 107 | c =voiceless palatal stop | 108 | ɟ =voiced palatal stop | k̟ =voiceless prevelar stop | 109 | k =voiceless velar stop | 110 | ɡ =voiced velar stop | k̠ =voiceless postvelar stop | 111 | q =voiceless uvular stop | 112 | ɢ =voiced uvular stop | 173 | ʡ =epiglottal stop | 113 | ʔ =glottal stop

    | 114 | m =bilabial nasal | m̥ =voiceless bilabial nasal | 115 | ɱ =labiodental nasal | 116 408 | 116 + 408 | n̪ =dental nasal | 116 | n =alveolar nasal | n̥ =voiceless alveolar nasal | n̠ =postalveolar nasal | n̠ʲ | ɲ̟ | ȵ = alveolo-palatal nasal | 117 | ɳ =retroflex nasal | ɳ̊ | ɳ̥ =voiceless retroflex nasal | 118 | ɲ =palatal nasal | ɲ̊ | ɲ̥ =voiceless palatal nasal | 119 | ŋ =velar nasal | ŋ̥ | ŋ̊ =voiceless velar nasal | 120 | ɴ =uvular nasal | 116 407 | 116 + 407 | n̼ =linguolabial nasal | 126 | ɸ =voiceless bilabial fricative | 127 | β =voiced bilabial fricative | 128 | f =voiceless labiodental fricative | 129 | v =voiced labiodental fricative | 130 | θ =voiceless dental fricative | 130 (414) | 130 414 | θ̱ =voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative | 131 | ð =voiced dental fricative

    | 138 | ç =voiceless palatal fricative | 139 | ʝ =voiced palatal fricative | 140 | x =voiceless velar fricative | 141 | ɣ =voiced velar fricative | x̠ =voiceless postvelar fricative | ɣ̄ | ɣ̠ =voiced postvelar fricative | 142 | χ =voiceless uvular fricative | 143 | ʁ =voiced uvular fricative | 144 | ħ =voiceless pharyngeal fricative | 145 | ʕ =voiced pharyngeal fricative | 172 | ʜ =voiceless epiglottal fricative | 174 | ʢ =voiced epiglottal fricative | 146 | h =voiceless glottal fricative | 147 | ɦ =voiced glottal fricative | h̃ =Voiceless nasal glottal approximant | ɭ˔̊ | ɬ̢ =voiceless retroflex lateral fricative | 157 402A 429 | ʎ̥˔ =voiceless palatal lateral fricative | 158 429 402A | ʟ̝̊ =voiceless velar lateral fricative | 158 429 | ʟ̝ =voiced velar lateral fricative | β̞ =bilabial approximant | 150 | ʋ =labiodental approximant | ð̞ =dental approximant | 151 | ɹ =alveolar approximant | 152 | ɻ =retroflex approximant | 153 | j =palatal approximant | ȷ̃ =nasal palatal approximant | 154 | ɣ̞ | ɰ =velar approximant

    | 155 | l =alveolar lateral approximant | l̪ =dental lateral approximant | l̥ =voiceless alveolar lateral approximant | l̠ʲ | ʎ̟ | ȴ = lateral alveolo-palatal approximant | 156 | ɭ =retroflex lateral approximant | 157 | ʎ =palatal lateral approximant | 158 | ʟ =velar lateral approximant | 209 | ɫ =velarized alveolar lateral approximant

    | 169 | hw | ʍ =voiceless labio-velar approximant | 170 | w =labio-velar approximant | 170 424 | w̃ =nasal labio-velar approximant | 171 | ɥ =labial-palatal approximant | 121 | ʙ =bilabial trill | 122 | r =alveolar trill | r̥ =voiceless alveolar trill | ɼ | r̝ =raised alveolar trill | 105 101 122 | ​ɽ͡r | ɽ͡r =retroflex trill | 123 | ʀ =uvular trill | ᴙ | я =epiglottal trill | 184 413 | ⱱ̟ =bilabial flap | 184 | ⱱ =labiodental flap | 124 | ɾ =alveolar tap | 125 | ɽ =retroflex flap | 112 505 | 112 + 505 | ɢ̆ =uvular flap | 173 432 | 173 + 432 | ʡ̯ =epiglottal flap | 181 | ɺ =alveolar lateral flap | ɺ̠ | ɺ̢ |  =retroflex lateral flap | ʎ̯ =palatal lateral flap | ʟ̆ =velar lateral flap

    | 148 | ɬ =voiceless alveolar lateral fricative | 149 | ɮ =voiced alveolar lateral fricative |  =voiceless retroflex lateral fricative |  =voiceless palatal lateral fricative |  =voiceless velar lateral fricative | 132 | s =voiceless alveolar sibilant | 132 (414) | 132 414 | s̺ =voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant | 133 | z =voiced alveolar sibilant | 134 | ʃ =voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant | 135 | ʒ =voiced palato-alveolar sibilant | 136 | ʂ =voiceless retroflex sibilant | 137 | ʐ =voiced retroflex sibilant | 160 | ɓ =voiced bilabial implosive | 162 | ɗ =voiced alveolar implosive | ᶑ =voiced retroflex implosive | 164 | ʄ =voiced palatal implosive | 166 | ɠ =voiced velar implosive | 168 | ʛ =voiced uvular implosive | ƥ =voiceless bilabial implosive | ƭ =voiceless alveolar implosive | ƈ =voiceless palatal implosive | ƙ =voiceless velar implosive | ʠ =voiceless uvular implosive | 101 401 | 101 + 401 | pʼ =bilabial ejective | 103 401 408 | 103 + 401 + 408 | t̪ʼ =dental ejective | 165 | 103 401 | 103 + 401 | tʼ =alveolar ejective | 107 401 | 107 + 401 | cʼ =palatal ejective | 109 401 | 109 + 401 | kʼ =velar ejective | 111 401 | 111 + 401 | qʼ =uvular ejective | 132 401 | 132 + 401 | sʼ =alveolar ejective fricative | ʈʼ =retroflex ejective | fʼ =labiodental ejective fricative | θʼ =dental ejective fricative | ɬʼ =alveolar lateral ejective fricative | xʼ =velar ejective fricative | χʼ =uvular ejective fricative

    | 103 148 401 | 103 (148) 401 | ƛ’ | t͡ɬʼ | t͜ɬʼ | tɬʼ =alveolar lateral ejective affricate | tʃʼ | t͜ʃʼ | t͡ʃʼ =palato-alveolar ejective affricate | pf | p̪f | p͡f | p̪͡f =voiceless labiodental affricate | bv | b̪v | b͡v | b͜v | b̪͡v =voiced labiodental affricate | 103 132 | 103 (132) | ʦ | ts | t͜s | t͡s =voiceless alveolar affricate | 103 132 401 | t͡sʼ | tsʼ =alveolar ejective affricate | ʣ | dz | d͜z | d͡z =voiced alveolar affricate | 103 (134) | 103 134 | t̠ʃ | ʧ | tʃ | t͜ʃ | t͡ʃ =voiceless palato-alveolar affricate | 104 (135) | 104 135 | d̠ʒ | ʤ | dʒ | d͜ʒ | d͡ʒ =voiced palato-alveolar affricate | 215 | t̠ɕ | ʨ | tɕ | t͜ɕ | t͡ɕ =voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate | 216 | d̠ʑ | ʥ | dʑ | d͜ʑ | d͡ʑ =voiced alveolo-palatal affricate | 105 (136) | 105 136 | ʈʂ | t͡ʂ | t͜ʂ | tʂ | ʈ͡ʂ =voiceless retroflex affricate | tʂʼ | t͡ʂʼ | ʈʂʼ | ʈ͡ʂʼ =retroflex ejective affricate | 106 (137) | 106 137 | ɖʐ | dʐ | d͜ʐ | ɖ͜ʐ | d͡ʐ | ɖ͡ʐ =voiced retroflex affricate | 108 (139) | 108 139 | ɟ͡ʝ | ɟʝ =voiced palatal affricate | 107 (138) | 107 138 | c͡ç | cç =voiceless palatal affricate | kx | k͡x | k͜x =voiceless velar affricate | qχ | q͡χ = voiceless uvular affricate | kxʼ | k͜xʼ | k͡xʼ =velar ejective affricate | 103 (148) | 103 148 | ƛ | tɬ | t͜ɬ | t͡ɬ =voiceless alveolar lateral affricate | 104 (149) | 104 149 | dɮ | d͜ɮ | d͡ɮ =voiced alveolar lateral affricate | c͡ʎ̥ | cʎ̥ | c͜ʎ̥ | c͡ʎ | c͜ʎ | cʎ | c | c͡ʎ̥˔ | cʎ̥˔ | c͜ʎ̥˔ | c͜ | c͡ =voiceless palatal lateral affricate | c͡ʼ | c͜ʼ | cʼ | cʎ̝̥ʼ =palatal lateral ejective affricate | k͡ʟ̝̊ | k | k͜ | k͡ =voiceless velar lateral affricate | kʟ̝̊ʼ | k͡ʼ | k͜ʼ | kʼ =velar lateral ejective affricate | 182 | ɕː | ɕ =voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant | 183 | ʑː | ʑ =voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant | 175 | ɧ =sj-sound

    | 109 (101) | 109 101 | kp | k͡p =voiceless labial-velar stop | 110 (102) | 110 102 | ɡb | ɡ͡b =voiced labial-velar stop | 119 (114) | 119 114 | ŋm | ŋ͡m =labial-velar nasal

    | 176 =bilabial click | ʘ | ᵏʘ | kʘ =voiceless bilabial click | 177 =dental click | ʇ | ǀ | ᵏʇ | ᵏǀ | kʇ | kǀ =voiceless dental click | 178 =alveolar click | ʗ | ǃ | ᵏʗ | ᵏǃ | kʗ | kǃ =voiceless alveolar click | 179 =palatal click | ǂ | ᵏǂ | kǂ =voiceless palatal click | 180 =alveolar lateral click | ʖ | ǁ | ᵏʖ | ᵏǁ | kʖ | kǁ =voiceless alveolar lateral click | ǀ̬ | ʇ̬ | ᶢǀ | ᶢʇ | ɡǀ | ɡʇ =voiced dental click | ǀ̃ | ʇ̃ | ᵑǀ | ᵑʇ | ŋǀ | ŋʇ =dental nasal click | ǀ̃ˀ | ʇ̃ˀ | ǀˀ | ʇˀ | ᵑǀˀ | ᵑʇˀ | ᵑ̊ǀˀ | ᵑ̊ʇˀ | ŋ̊ǀˀ | ŋ̊ʇˀ | ŋǀˀ | ŋʇˀ =glottalized dental nasal click | ǃ̬ | ʗ̬ | ᶢǃ | ᶢʗ | ɡǃ | ɡʗ =voiced alveolar click | ǃ̃ | ʗ̃ | ᵑǃ | ᵑʗ | ŋǃ | ŋʗ =alveolar nasal click | ǃ̃ˀ | ʗ̃ˀ | ǃˀ | ʗˀ | ᵑǃˀ | ᵑʗˀ | ᵑ̊ǃˀ | ᵑ̊ʗˀ | ŋ̊ǃˀ | ŋ̊ʗˀ | ŋǃˀ | ŋʗˀ =glottalized alveolar nasal click | ǁ̬ | ʖ̬ | ᶢǁ | ᶢʖ | ɡǁ | ɡʖ =voiced alveolar lateral click | ǁ̃ | ʖ̃ | ᵑǁ | ᵑʖ | ŋǁ | ŋʖ =alveolar lateral nasal click | ǁ̃ˀ | ʖ̃ˀ | ǁˀ | ʖˀ | ᵑǁˀ | ᵑʖˀ | ᵑ̊ǁˀ | ᵑ̊ʖˀ | ŋ̊ǁˀ | ŋ̊ʖˀ | ŋǁˀ | ŋʖˀ =glottalized alveolar lateral nasal click | ǂ̬ | ᶢǂ | ɡǂ =voiced palatal click | ǂ̃ | ᵑǂ | ŋǂ =palatal nasal click | ǂ̃ˀ | ǂˀ | ᵑǂˀ | ᵑ̊ǂˀ | ŋ̊ǂˀ | ŋǂˀ =glottalized palatal nasal click | ʘ̬ | ᶢʘ | ɡʘ =voiced bilabial click | ʘ̃ | ᵑʘ | ŋʘ =bilabial nasal click | ʘ̃ˀ | ʘˀ | ᵑʘˀ | ᵑ̊ʘˀ | ŋ̊ʘˀ | ŋʘˀ =glottalized bilabial nasal click | ǃ˞ | ‼ =voiceless retroflex click | ǃ̬˞ | ᶢǃ˞ | ɡǃ˞ | ‼̬ | ᶢ‼ | ɡ‼ =voiced retroflex click | ǃ̃˞ | ᵑǃ˞ | ŋǃ˞ | ‼̃ | ᵑ‼ | ŋ‼ =retroflex nasal click | ǃ̃˞ˀ | ǃ˞ˀ | ᵑǃ˞ˀ | ᵑ̊ǃ˞ˀ | ŋ̊ǃ˞ˀ | ŋ‼ˀ | ŋǃ˞ˀ | ŋ̊‼ˀ | ᵑ̊‼ˀ | ᵑ‼ˀ | ‼̃ˀ | ‼ˀ =glottalized retroflex nasal click

    | 301 | i | iː =close front unrounded vowel | 309 | y | yː =close front rounded vowel | 317 | ɨ | ɨː =close central unrounded vowel | 318 | ʉ | ʉː =close central rounded vowel | 316 | ɯ | ɯː =close back unrounded vowel | 308 | u | uː =close back rounded vowel | 319 | ɪ | ɪː =near-close near-front unrounded vowel | 320 | ʏ | ʏː =near-close near-front rounded vowel | 319 415 | ᵻ | ɪ̵ | ɪ̈ =near-close central unrounded vowel | 321 415 | 318 430 | ʉ̞ | ʊ̵ | ʊ̈ =near-close central rounded vowel | 321 | ʊ | ʊː =near-close near-back vowel | 302 | e | eː =close-mid front unrounded vowel | 302 430 | ᴇ | e̞ | ɛ̝ =mid front unrounded vowel | 310 | ø | øː =close-mid front rounded vowel | 397 | ɘ =close-mid central unrounded vowel | 323 | ɵ | ɵː =close-mid central rounded vowel | 315 | ɤ | ɤː =close-mid back unrounded vowel | 307 | o | oː =close-mid back rounded vowel | 307 430 | ɔ̝ | o̞ =mid back rounded vowel | 322 | ə | əː =mid-central vowel | 303 | ɛ | ɛː =open-mid front unrounded vowel | 311 | œ | œː =open-mid front rounded vowel | 326 | ɜ | ɜː =open-mid central unrounded vowel | 395 | ɞ =open-mid central rounded vowel | 314 | ʌ | ʌː =open-mid back unrounded vowel | 306 | ɔ | ɔː =open-mid back rounded vowel | 325 | æ | æː =near-open front unrounded vowel | 324 | ɐ | ɐː =near-open central vowel | 304 | a | aː =open front unrounded vowel | 304 415 | a̠ | ä | äː =open central unrounded vowel | 312 | ɶ =open front rounded vowel | 305 | ɑ | ɑː =open back unrounded vowel | 313 | ɒː | ɒ =open back rounded vowel | 310 430 | ø̞ =mid front rounded vowel | 315 430 | ɤ̞ =mid back unrounded vowel

    | ◌ʼ | ʼ | 401=ejective consonant | ◌̥ | ̥ | 402A =voiceless | s̬ | t̬ | ◌̬ | ̬ | 403 =voice (phonetics)

    | pʰ | tʰ | t̪ ʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | qʰ | tsʰ | tʃʰ | tʂʰ | ʈʂʰ | tɕʰ | tɬʰ | kxʰ | t͡sʰ | t͡ʃʰ | t͡ʂʰ | ʈ͡ʂʰ | t͡ɕʰ | t͡ɬʰ | k͡xʰ | ◌ʰ | ʰ | 404 =aspiration (phonetics)

    | b̤ | d̤ | ɡ̈ | ◌̤ | ̤ | bʱ | dʱ | d̪ʱ | ɡʱ | ɖʱ | dʒʱ | d͡ʒʱ | dzʱ | d͡zʱ | dʐʱ | d͡ʐʱ | ɖʐʱ | ɖ͡ʐʱ | dʑʱ | d͡ʑʱ | ◌ʱ | ʱ | 405 =breathy voice

    | 406 | a̰ | b̰ | ◌̰ | ̰ =creacky voice

    | ̼ | 407 =linguolabial consonant | ̪ | 408 =dental consonant | ̺ | 409 =apical consonant | ̻ | 410 =laminal consonant | ̹ | 411 =roundedness | ̜ | 412 =roundedness | ̟ | 413 =relative articulation#Advanced and retracted | ̠ | 414 =relative articulation#Advanced and retracted | ̈ | 415 =relative articulation#Centralized vowels | ̽ | 416 =relative articulation#Mid-centralized vowel | ̘ | 417 =advanced and retracted tongue root | ̙ | 418 =advanced and retracted tongue root

    | 419 | 322 419 | 322 + 419 | ɚ | ɝ | ɝː =R-colored vowel

    | 420 | kʷ | ɡʷ | xʷ | ɣʷ | ŋʷ | qʷ | ɢʷ | ɴʷ | χʷ | ʁʷ | ◌ʷ | ʔʷ | pʷ | bʷ | kpʷ | tsʷ | dzʷ | tʃʷ | dʒʷ | kxʷ | ɡɣʷ | qχʷ | ɢʁʷ | sʷ | zʷ | ʂʷ | ʐʷ | fʷ | vʷ | ħʷ | ʕʷ | hʷ | ɦʷ | ʷ =labialization

    | 421 | ◌ʲ | ʲ =palatalization | 422 | ◌ˠ | ˠ =velarization

    | 423 | sˤ | zˤ | tˤ | dˤ | θˤ | ðˤ | ɮˤ | lˤ | kˤ | ʔˤ | ◌ˤ | ˤ =pharyngealization

    | 424 | æ̃ | ɒ̃ | ə̃ | ɨ̃ | ɪ̃ | ʊ̃ | ø̃ | ʏ̃ | ʉ̃ | ɤ̃ | ɯ̃ | ɑ̃ | ɛ̃ | œ̃ | ɔ̃ | ã | ẽ | ĩ | õ | ũ | ɐ̃ | ỹ =nasal vowel | ◌̃ | ̃ =nasalization | ◌ⁿ | ⁿ | 425 =nasal release

    | dˡ | ◌ˡ | ˡ | 426 =lateral release (phonetics) | d̚ | ◌̚ | ̚ | 427 =no audible release | ◌ˀ | ˀ =glottalization | ◌̴ | ̴ | 428 =Velarization | e̝ | ɹ̝ | ̝ | ˔ | 429 =relative articulation#Raised and lowered | e̞ | β̞ | ̞ | ˕ | 430 =relative articulation#Raised and lowered

    | ŋ̍ | ŋ̩ | n̩ | m̩ | r̩ | ɹ̩ | l̩ | ◌̩ | ̩ | 431 =syllabic consonant

    | . =syllabification

    | u̯ | i̯ | y̯ | ʊ̯ | ɪ̯ | ʏ̯ | e̯ | o̯ | ◌̯ | ̯ | 432 =semivowel | aʊ | aɪ | ɔɪ | oʊ | eɪ =diphthong | ᶣ =labio-palatalization

    | 501 | ˈ =stress (linguistics) | 502 | ˌ =secondary stress | 503 | 504 | ˑ | ː =length (phonetics) | 505 | ̆ | ə̆ =extra-short | 519 | 523 | ˩ | ˨ | ˧ | ˦ | ˥ =tone letter | 517 | ꜜ◌ | ꜜ =downstep | 518 | ꜛ◌ | ꜛ =upstep | ∅ =zero (linguistics) | 601 =bidental percussive | 602 =velopharyngael fricative | 603 =lateralised [s] | 604 =lateralised [z] | 611 =IPA | 612 | * =IPA | 901 | [ | 902 | ] | 903 | / | 906 | ( | 907 | ) =IPA | 999 | _ =IPA vowel chart/sandbox | =blank | #default =Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "Template:Strip whitespace/1" not found in list }}.

    For IPA keys dedicated to a specific language in broad transcription, there are:

    (though {{IPAr}} is preferred)
    (though {{IPAr}} is preferred)

    The template {{IPAr}} can be used to generate a properly linked transcription for any language, with optional soundfile, and (currently for Polish only) offers the ability to enter ordinary letters for conversion to phonetic symbols. See the template page for usage.

    Note

    The older inconsistently named (though still operational) templates {{IPA2}}, {{IPAEng}}, and {{pronEng}} are deprecated, and are to be no longer used.

    See also



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